About Skin Whitening Disease
Source (google.com.pk)
The main sign of vitiligo is color (pigment) loss that produces light or white patches on your skin. Usually, the discoloration first shows on sun-exposed areas, such as the hands, feet, arms, face and lips.
Vitiligo signs include:
Skin discoloration
Premature whitening or graying of the hair on your scalp, eyelashes, eyebrows or beard (usually before age 35)
Loss of color in the tissues that line the inside of your mouth and nose (mucous membranes)
Loss of or change in color of the inner layer of the eyeball (retina)
Discolored patches around the armpits, navel, genitals and rectum
Vitiligo can start at any age, but most often appears before age 20.
Depending on the type of vitiligo you have, the discolored patches may cover:
Many parts of your body. With this most common type, called generalized vitiligo, the discolored patches often progress similarly on corresponding body parts (symmetrically).
Only one side or part of your body. This type, called segmental vitiligo, tends to occur at a younger age, progress for a year or two, then stop.
One or only a few areas of your body. This type is called localized (focal) vitiligo.
It's difficult to predict how your disease will progress. Sometimes the patches stop forming without treatment. In most cases, pigment loss spreads and eventually involves most of your skin. Rarely, the skin gets its color back.
When to see a doctor
See your doctor if areas of your skin, hair or eyes lose coloring. Vitiligo has no cure. But treatment may help to stop or slow the discoloring process and return some color to your skin.
Vitiligo is a condition that causes depigmentation of parts of the skin. It occurs when skin pigment cells die or are unable to function. The cause of vitiligo, aside from cases of contact with certain chemicals,[1] is unknown, but research suggests it may arise from autoimmune, genetic, oxidative stress, neural, or viral causes.[2] The incidence worldwide is less than 1%,[3] with some populations averaging between 2-3% and as high as 16%
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Vitiligo on lighter skin
Vitiligo on darker skin
The only symptom of vitiligo is the presence of pale patchy areas of depigmented skin which tend to occur on the extremities.[5][6] The patches are initially small, but often grow and change shape.[2][5] When skin lesions occur, they are most prominent on the face, hands and wrists.[5][6] The loss of skin pigmentation is particularly noticeable around body orifices, such as the mouth, eyes, nostrils, genitalia and umbilicus.[5][6] Some lesions have increased skin pigment around the edges.[7] Patients who are stigmatized for their condition may experience depression and similar mood disorders.[8]
Causes
Although multiple theories have been suggested as potential triggers that cause vitiligo, studies have most strongly implicated changes in the immune system as being responsible for the condition.[citation needed] While genetic predisposition to vitiligo undoubtedly exists, it is believed that vitiligo onset is strongly affected by environmental factors.
Immune
Variations in genes that are part of the immune system or part of melanocytes have both been associated with vitiligo.[medical citation needed]
In one case, the gene TYR, which makes the skin pigment cell (melanocyte) more susceptible to the immune system in vitiligo, also makes the melanocyte more susceptible to the immune system in the skin cancer malignant melanoma. Therefore, people with vitiligo caused by the TYR gene are less likely to have malignant melanoma.[medical citation needed]
A genomewide association studies found approximately 36 independent susceptibility loci for generalized vitiligo[Ref]. Some patients had vitiligo alone; others had generalized vitiligo with other autoimmune diseases. Most loci were associated with both forms. (The exception was PTPN22, which was only associated with generalized vitiligo.) In the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, which controls the immune system, major association signals were identified in the class I gene region (between HLA-A and HLA-HGC9) and class II gene region (between HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1). Outside the MHC region, association signals were identified near RERE, PTPN22, LPP, IL2RA, GZMB, UBASH3A and C1QTNF6 genes, which are associated with other autoimmune diseases. TYR encodes tyrosinase, which is not a component of the immune system, but is an enzyme of the melanocyte that catalyzes melanin biosynthesis, and a major autoantigen in generalized vitiligo. The major alleles of TYR are associated with vitiligo, and the minor alleles are associated with malignant melanoma. Vitiligo-associated 402R tyrosinase may be more efficiently presented to the immune system. Melanoma-associated 402Q may fail to be identified by the immune system.[9]
The transcriptional profile of melanocytes from vitiligo patients have been studied. Oligonucleotide microarrays containing approximately 16,000 unique genes were used to analyse mRNA expression in melanocytes from vitiligo patients and age-matched healthy controls. In total, 859 genes were identified as differentially expressed.[10]
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